Weak Form Efficient Market Hypothesis For Emerging Markets - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3590 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Literature Review The issue of market efficiency in emerging markets is of great significance for both foreign investors and policy makers in emerging economies. This project devotes large efforts to produce a thorough and in-depth literature review for this area. This topic is to be investigated from these aspects: theoretical foundation, methodologies of tests and empirical results. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Weak Form Efficient Market Hypothesis For Emerging Markets" essay for you Create order Firstly, traditional efficient market hypothesis (Fama, 1970; Makiel, 1973) and behavior finance theories developed in recent decades (Barbris, 1998; Shleifer, 2000) have formed two main schools of thought for the issue of market efficiency. Secondly, the evolution for a series of methodologies is important for testing market efficiency. Thirdly, the empirical evidence is reviewed by consideration three major factors: trade volume and non-linear behavior, structural breaks and market evolution through time. Finally, it also reflects some important policy implications for emerging markets. Many empirical studies have been widely carried to investigate the weak-form efficient market hypothesis for emerging markets, and the results are mixed. Generally, most of emerging markets are found to be inefficient. But for some countries, such as Istanbul, Egypt and Jordan, after correcting for institutional characteristics and trading conditions, such as thin trading and the presence of non- linearity, equity markets are found to be efficient. When structure break factors are taken into account, market efficiency is powerfully rejected for countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Greece and India. There is also evidence showing that initially emerging markets are inefficient, but over time they are moving toward to be more efficient, such as in Estonian, Lithuanian and Russia duo to economic liberalization policies. These results reflect some important policy implications. Infrequent trading and illiquidity of capital markets negatively affects market efficiency, so economic policy makers should devote efforts to minimize the institutional restriction and barriers on capital flow in the financial markets and to impose strict disclosure requirements, so that investors can easily access to high quality and reliable information. Improving liquidity of capital markets can provide lower borrowing costs for investors and greater opportunities for investment diversification wit h lower systematic risks. In addition, equity market liberalization is important to help achieving market development. It can reduce cost of capital and increase capital productivity with better capital allocation. Introduction: Due to the increasing globalization of financial markets, fast economic growth and adoption of financial liberalization policies for equity markets in emerging economies, it is widely indicated that equity investment in emerging economies can provide superior returns. Past decades have witnessed spectacular growth in both size and relative importance of emerging equity markets. The market capitalization of emerging market economies accounts for twelve percent of world market capitalization and has more than doubled, growing from less than $2 trillion in 1995 to $5 trillion in 2006 (Nally, 2010). By 2015, it is estimated that the combined GDP of emerging-market economies will surpass that of the top 20 developed economies (ibid). In addition, emerging market returns are weakly correlated with returns in developed markets, so international diversification with these emerging equities can give lower portfolio risks (Levy Sarnat, 1970). The potential high rates of returns and diversif ication benefits has attracted large number of foreign fund investors, so the investigation on whether emerging markets function efficiently is significantly important. By knowing degree of market efficiency, economy policy makers and regulators can gain insights to develop right institutional and regulatory frameworks to allocate scare resources efficiently, form favourable investment condition and obtain further economic growth. Therefore, this essay is going to investigate the weak-form market efficiency in emerging markets. The efficient market hypothesis by Fama (1970), Random Walk module by Makiel (1973) and behaviour finance theories are directed related to this issue and form the theoretical foundations. Section 1 will critically give the theoretical review based on the two schools of thought that are EMH and behaviour finance theories. Section 2 will give a brief review of methodologies adopted in literature review. Section 3 will give empirical review of the weak-form E MH for emerging markets. Section 4 will indicate some brief policy implications for emerging economies and section 5 is the conclusion with some directions for further research. Theoretic Review of EMH VS Behaviour Finance Efficient Market Hypothesis Fama (1970) defines an efficient financial market as one in which security prices always instantaneously and fully reflect all available information. No investors can earn expected abnormal return by analysing past known information. Market efficiency is attained by two key forces: investor rationality and arbitrage activities (Fama, 1970). EMH assumes that investors are rational and can process information correctly and efficiently. Although some investors are irrational and may overact or underact to new information, these judgement errors are independent and random, hence can cancel out each other without affecting prices (Fama, 1998). Therefore, on average, the whole market is efficient. In addition, since numerous profit-maximizing investors are competing to analyse, value and trade securities based on all available information to exploit arbitrage opportunities, on aggregate level, security prices are adjusted quickly to reflect the effect of new information (Fama, 1998). Sec urity prices are driven close to intrinsic values. Expected returns implicit in the current price of a security should reflect its underlying risk, and higher returns are earned only as compensations for bearing higher risk. There are two main modules that explain EMH: fair-game model and random walk model (RWM). The fair-game model is expressed as: Zj,t+1 =rj,t+1-E(rj,t+1à ¯Ã‚ ½Ã…“à Ã‚ ¤t), E(Zj,t+1à ¯Ã‚ ½Ã…“à Ã‚ ¤t)=0 (Copeland, Weston Shastri, 2005). Information in à Ã‚ ¤t is fully utilized to determine equilibrium expected returns. On average, the expected return on an asset E(rj,t+1à ¯Ã‚ ½Ã…“à Ã‚ ¤t) equals its actual return (rj,t+1), so that no expected abnormal return can be gained from past information. RWM gives much stronger condition for EMH. It assumes that successive price changes have a same normal distribution and are independent. Its logic is that because new information is unpredictable and reaches market randomly, so under EMH, the resulting se curity price changes must be also unpredictable and random (Malkiel, 1973; Malkiel, 2003). No profit can be made from past information. There are three sub-hypotheses of EMH depending on the level of available information set (Fama, 1991). Firstly, market is weak-form efficient when prices reflect all security market information such as historical prices. Secondly, market is semistrong-form efficient when prices reflect all public information such as corporate news and financial statements. Thirdly, market is strong-form efficient when prices reflect all public and private information. Behaviour Finance Theories Figure1: Conceptual Framework of Behaviour Finance Source: Shleifer (2000) However, behaviour finance challenges EMH because it argues that psychological biases lead to investor irrationality and limits to arbitrage impede exploitation of mispricing opportunities (Shleifer, 2002). Psychological bias results into systematic overreaction or underreacion among investors. Many behaviour finance theories have been successfully developed to explain some market anomalies. Conservatism biases lead people adjust slowly to new information and hence the underreaction to new information leads to short-run momentum, while representativeness heuristic makes investors believe that past good stock performance will continue and people overreact to information (Barberis, Shleifer Vishny, 1998). Additionally, overconfidence causes investors to overestimate the precision of their own analyses and to neglect public signals (Daniel, Hirshleifer Subrahmanyam, 1998). Under positive (negative) priv ate signal (which is shown in following graph), informed investors overreact and security is overpriced (underpriced). When public information becomes available, biased self-attribution causes security to be even more overpriced (underpriced). Eventually, public information proves initial investment judgement is wrong, so price is driven back to intrinsic value (Daniel et al, 1998). It explains that overconfidence leads to short-run return momentum and price correction leads to long-run return reversal. Figure 2: Overconfidence and Self-attributed bias Source: Daniel, Hirshleifer Subrahmanyam (1998) Moreover, classification is a human natural instinct to process information (Barberis Shleifer, 2003). Investors naturally classify stocks by styles, so styles returns are highly positive correlated. There are two kinds of investors: style switchers and fundamental traders. Style switchers are unsophisticated investors and chase investment styles based on past relative stock p erformance. When there is good news about stock X (shown following graph), they will drain funds away from less attractive style Y. It will push up stock Xà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s price, even higher than its intrinsic value, but further reduce stock Yà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s price. However, fundamental traders recognize stock Y is underpriced (Barberis et al, 2003). They arbitrage away mispricing opportunities and drive overpriced stocks back toward intrinsic value. Figure 3: Switchers and Fundamental Traders Source: Barberis Shleifer, (2003) On the other hand, limits to arbitrage may obstruct information to be impounded into prices, duo to the fundamental risk and implementation costs. Noise trader risk would prevent rational investors from arbitraging (Delong, Summer Waldmann, 1990). Pessimistic noise trader drive price below intrinsic value, arbitrageurs can buy the asset, but bear risk of further deviation from the intrinsic value when noise traders become even more pessimistic and price goes down even further (Delong et al, 1990). Arbitrageurs usually have short horizon and must liquidate before price recovers, so they will incur loss. The agency problems between professionals and investors also affect arbitrage (Shleifer Vishny, 1997), so not all mispricing would be arbitraged away to lead market become efficient. However, Fama (1998) argues that behaviour finance theories do well only on the anomalies they are specially designed to explain and cannot be generalized to the entire market. Rubinstein (2001) also argues that investor overconfidence would make market à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“hyper-rationalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Methodologies Adopted to Test the Weak-form EMH Empirical researches on testing weak-form EMH can be divided into three broad categories. Firstly, they tests security return independence. If time-series pattern of security returns shows insignificant (significant) autocorrelations, then weak-form EMH holds (is rejected) (Copeland, Weston Shastri, 2005). Secondly, they test return momentum effect. If portfolio of stocks with higher returns in the short past continues to earn higher abnormal returns in the subsequent short term, then short-run past returns contain information that could predict future returns, so EMH will not hold (Copeland et al, 2005). Thirdly, they test technical trading rules. If no trading rules that consistently derive abnormal profits can be found, then weak-form EMH holds. A series of research methodologies have been developed to exam the EMH. The runs test is non-parametric, which is used to determine whether successive prices changes are independent. Unit root tests involve three different methods to test the null hypothesis of a unit root: the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test (1979), the Phillips-Peron (PP) test (1988) and the Kwiatkowski, Phillioh, Achmidt and Shin (KPSS) test (1992). Multiple variance ratio (MVR) tests are adopted to detect autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity in returns (Chow Denning, 1993). Empirical Results of Weak-form EMH for Emerging Markets The research results for testing weak-form efficiency on the emerging markets are mixed. World Bank study reports significant market inefficiency for 19 emerging equity markets (Claessens, Dasgupta Glen, 1995). Latin American emerging markets of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico are weak-form EMH (Urrutia, 1995), but under the variance ratio test, RWH is rejected (Ojah Karemera, 1999). Under ADF test, EMH is also generally supported for six Latin American stock markets (Choundhry, 1997). For the emerging markets in Asia, major Asian markets are weak-form inefficient, such as Korea and Taiwan (Cheung, Wong Ho, 1993), Singpore and Thiland (Huang, 1995), but some find it is efficient for Hong Kong, Singapore and Japan (Chan, Gup Pan, 1992). When the observed index levels are used, both RWH and EMH are rejected for three equity markets of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Bahrain after adjusting for infrequent trading , but when the corrected true indices are used, RWH is accepted (Abra ham et al, 2002). RWH is rejected in five Middle Eastern emerging markets, Jordan, Morocco, Egypt, Israel, and Turkey (Omran and Farrar, 2001). Weak-form efficiency is rejected for Saudi and Palestinian financial market and inefficiency might be due to delay in operations and high transaction cost, thinness of trading and illiquidity in the market (Nourredine Kababa, 1998; Award Daraghma, 2009). Many researches find that emerging markets are becoming more efficient due to the liberalization policies. Istanbul stock exchange was inefficient in the early times but it becomes more efficient as the country started liberalization and deregulation (Antonios, Ergul Holmes, 1997). 4.1 Thin Trading and Non-linearity It is argued that such mixed evidences of the weak-form EMH in emerging markets are only reliable if the methodologies adopted take accounts for the institutional characteristics and trading conditions of the markets, such as thin trading and the presence of non-linearity (Antoniou, Ergul Holmes, 1997). Ignoring these factors may lead to statistical illusions regarding efficiency. The conventional tests of efficiency based on linear model have been developed to test markets with high levels of liquidity, sophisticated investors with access to reliable information and few institutional impediments (Antoniou, Ergul Holmes, 1997). Therefore they are not suitable for testing EMH for emerging markets with characteristics of thin trading, low liquidity and less well informed investors with access to unreliable information. Thin trading will bring serious serial correlation (Fisher, 1996), so the observed dependence does not necessarily represent serial correlation among securities retu rns. In addition, prices responds to information in a non-linear behavior especially during the early development stages of emerging markets (Schatzberg Reiber, 1992), so if the return generating process is non-linear but a linear model is used to test efficiency, then EMH may be wrongly accepted. This is because non-linear systems such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“chaoticà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? ones look very similar to a random walk (Savit, 1988). However, the conventional tests cannot recognize this problem. There are several reasons for the existence of non-linear reaction of price to information in emerging markets. Transaction costs are high, information is relatively not reliable and market is illiquid or there are restrictions on trading (Stoll Whaley, 1990). As a result, investors do not always respond instantaneously to the information, which contradicts the assumptions of investor rationality and linear response of price. Scheinkman and LeBaron (1989) and Peters (1991) also empirically s upport the non-linearity of stock returns. A number of studies have researched the impact of thin trading (Fisher, 1966; Dimson, 1979; Cohen, 1978; Lo Mackinlay, 1990). Many empirical studies also have taken account of the non-linearity in price series and remove the impact of thin trading by the AR (1) model proposed by Miller (1994). Antoniou, Ergul and Holmes (1997) find that there is apparent predictability of stock returns for Istanbul stock market, but after considering the impact of thin trading, the random walk hypothesis is accepted and the market is informationally efficient for 1990 onwards. Abuzarour (2005) examines the effect of non-trading on market efficiency for three emerging Arabian equity markets: Jordan, Egypt and Palestine using the variance ratio test and the run test during the period of 1992 and 2004. Both random walk hypothesis and weak form efficiency are rejected when the observed index levels are used. However, when the indices are corrected by the Mi ller, Muthuswamy and Whaley methodologies (1994) to take account for thin trading, weak-form EMH is accepted for Egypt and Jordan stock market but it is still rejected for Palestine. All these empirical researches suggest that markets become more efficient when trading volume is high, information is much reliable and institutional frameworks are appropriate. 4.2 Structural Breaks Research on efficiency for emerging markets should not only take account for institutional characteristics and trading conditions, but also should take account for the structural breaks in the underlying series that arise from the liberalization. Ignoring structural breaks can lead to wrong inference that these indices are following random walks. Many emerging countries are liberalizing their financial markets with various degrees (IFC, 1997) and such structure changes would have affected their equity markets (Bekaert et al, 2002; Henry 2000). For instance, huge shocks occurred for equity index level for Greece, Malaysia and Philippines in late 1980s and early 1990s, which are around the same year of their market liberalization. As Perron (1989) have demonstrated that traditional standard tests for RWH in stock prices have low power against the alternative hypothesis in small samples, and the problem is especially serious when structural changes are involved. Thus failure to consid er these breaking points may wrongly support the RWH. Therefore, many empirical researches try to incorporate the structural breaks factor by more powerful test methods, such as the Zivot- Andrew sequential test (Zivot Andrew, 1992). Chaudhuri and Wu (2001) adopt both the standard ADF test and Zivot- Andrew sequential method to test the EMH in seventeen emerging markets: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Greece, India, Jordan, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Taiwan, Thailand, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe. Results for the ADF test without breaks to each series tend to show non-rejection of the RWH. However, results for the Zivot- Andrew test with structural breaks show that RWH can be powerfully rejected at the one percent significant level in ten markets: Argentina, Brazil, Greece, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Philippines, Taiwan and Zimbabwe (Chaudhuri Wu, 2001). 4.3 Market Evolution Although structural breaks have been taken into account in many researches, it is argued that standard techniques are still not fit to test the weak-form EHM for emerging market, because they are not able to evaluate the evolving efficiency in emerging markets. It is also argued that methods such as a time varying parameter model and Kalman Filter technique not only can indicate the movement of stock returns from inefficiency to efficiency, but also can measure the timing of the movement towards full efficiency(Rockinger Urga, 2000; Zalewska-Mitura Hall, 1999). It is generally agreed that emerging markets are evolving from inefficiency to efficiency with the higher disclosure degree of firm practices, high trading volume and lower institutional barriers to trade (Cornelius, 1994). According to Laurence (1986), the methods of OLS or GMM test market efficiency over the whole period and hardly capture the tendency towards efficiency, so under these methods, early inefficiency would wrongly lead to the conclusion that there are profit opportunities based on the past asset price movement. In addition, the variance of the error process in the conventional test models is not constant over time, so if this changing variance structure is omitted and has a serial correlation property, then market efficiency would be incorrectly rejected (Hall Urga, G2002). Hall and Urga (2002) deal with these problems by using the Kalman Filter and combing the time varying parameter model with a standard GARCH-M model (generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity in mean). They apply this procedure to the two indexes of Russian stock market from 1995 to 2000. And find that with regard to RTS index (Russian Trading System), the market is initially inefficient and it takes about two and a half years to become efficient, while for the ASPGEN Index (Skate Press Agency General), the market is still predictable. There is evidence of a tendency towards being efficient. Kved aras and Basdevant (2002) also investigate the market efficiency in the three Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania by using the time-varying variance ratio statistic robust to heteroscedasticity based on time-varying autocorrelations. They find a clear trajectory to weak-form efficiency in the Estonian and Lithuanian capital markets. Its relatively small inefficiency can be explained by transaction costs and information acquiring costs (Grossman and Stiglitz, 1980). In the Latvian market, it is inefficient even at the very end of the analyzed period. Policy Implications These results have some important implications for developing effective institutional and regulatory frameworks. Since infrequent trading negatively affects market efficiency and liquidity in emerging markets, economic policy makers should pay attention to minimize the institutional restriction and barriers on capital flow in the financial markets, impose strict disclosure requirements and ensure that investors can easily access to high quality and reliable information. Improving liquidity of capital markets can provide lower borrowing costs for investors and greater opportunities for investment diversification with lower systematic risks. In addition, equity market liberalization is important to help achieving market development. It can reduce cost of capital and increase capital productivity with better capital allocation. Conclusion 6.1 Short Summary In conclusion, as two main schools of thought in modern financial theories, there is a hot debate between efficient market hypothesis and behaviour finance. EMH asserts that financial markets are informationally efficient and equity stock prices instantaneously and fully reflect all known information. While behaviour finance argues that psychological biases lead to investor irrationality and limits to arbitrage impede exploitation of mispricing opportunities, so market is not efficient. There are wide empirical researches on the issue of market efficiency in emerging markets with mixed results. It is generally found that most of emerging markets are still inefficient, but after correcting for institutional characteristics and trading conditions, such as thin trading and the presence of non-linearity, some researches find that equity markets are efficient for some countries such as for Istanbul, Egypt and Jordan. When structure break factors are taken into account, market efficiency is powerfully rejected for most emerging countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Greece and India. There are also some evidence shows that duo to economic liberalization policies, many emerging markets are moving towards more efficiency such as Estonian, Lithuanian and Russia. 6.2 Limitations of Empirical Researches and Proposed Further Research However, there are some limitations involved in these empirical researches. Some researches ignore whether the distribution is normal or not. Others using equally weighted indices may bias the results. The possible auto-correlation might be due to the noise traders but doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t imply return predictability (Cuthberston, 1996). Most of these studies focus on the test of time series of equity return to investigate EMH, but don not investigate the momentum effect or the profitability of technical trading to earn abnormal return. Therefore, further research can be extended in several dimensions. Firstly, it suggests trying to combine the tests of momentum effect or technical trading rules with the time series tests to make more robust conclusions. Secondly, since most of researches focus on traditional EMH, it can consider the factors of investor behaviour, such as psychologies bias and limits to arbitrage to do further in-depth testing of EMH. Finally, further researche s for more novel and accurate methodologies of testing EMH are significantly essential.

Symptoms And Treatment Of Skin - 887 Words

Skin tags are common, obtained benign skin buildup that looks like a small balloon of hanging skin. Skin tags are harmless growths that can range in numbers from one to hundreds. Males and females are alike liable developing skin tags. Being overweight is related with skin tag development. Although some skin tags may fall off unexpectedly, most stay once formed. The medical name for skin tag is acrochordon. Skin tags are bits of flesh colored or darkly pigmented tissue that projected from the surrounding skin from a small, narrow stalk. Skin tag removals are very common, harmless. Early stages of skin tars may be as small as a flattened pinhead sized bump, at approximately one third to one half the size of a pinky fingernail. However some skin tags may become as large as a big grape.Skin tags tend to occur on the eyelids, neck, armpits, and under the femalesbreast, upper chest. Skin tags are typically thought to occur where skin rubs against itself or clothing. Not only males and fem ales tent to get a skin tags, they are more affected in females than males.They are also, much more common in middle age, and increase up to age 60. Even though it is less common in children, it may occur in babies who are plump may also develop skin tags in areas where skin rubs against skin, like the sides of the neck. Younger children may develop skin tags at the upper eyelids, often in areas where they rub. Older children and teens my develop skin tags in the under arm area fromShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Treatment Of Skin1446 Words   |  6 Pages and trouble breathing. Severe edema is one of the major causes for impaired skin integrity. Skin integrity is defined as â€Å"the state in which an individual’s skin is at risk of being adversely altered† (kloop, Storey, Bronstein, 2012). There are three major factors that can relate to client’s skin alteration: decreased tissue perfusion, prolonged bed rest, and pulmonary edema. One factor that can cause impaired skin integrity is decreased tissue perfusion. Decreased tissue perfusion refers toRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Skin Cancer1774 Words   |  8 Pages Skin Cancer Research Paper Sarah Klein was once a teenager with psoriasis, skin build up that causes an itchy patch. Her primary doctor had recommended her to use ultraviolet rays as a solution, but little did they know that was going to cause her to have stage IV metastatic melanoma once she was older with a family. In the human body there are the processes of mitosis and apoptosis, the necessary functions the body needs for proper growth and development. But there are times when newRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Skin Tears1079 Words   |  5 PagesSkin tears are traumatic wounds, which usually occur on the extremities of the elderly. Not to mention the amount of deaths that occur when skin breakdown doesn’t get treated. The article, â€Å"Preventing in –facility Pressure Ulcers, â€Å" states that, â€Å"60,000 U.S. patients will die from complications related to hospital-acquired Pus†. (Preventing, 2013). When you think about all the different diseases and illness that can kill someone, pressure ulcer don’t normally come to mind. If we have less skin breakdownRead MoreSkin Cancer : Symptoms And Treatment1462 Words   |  6 Pages Skin Cancer Project Wong,KaYan. Li,Suzy. Chen,Xu 10/06/2015 Tuesday ^-^ Skin Cancer Skin cancer is one of the most common cancers in our society. It also can be said that it is the abnormal growth of the skin cells. The Skin Cancer Foundation reports that one in every five Americans will experience skin cancer during their lifetime. Cancers are mostly caused by the overexposure of UV radiation that damages the human DNA which lead to DNA mutation. There are three types of skin cancer, squamousRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Skin Cancer1357 Words   |  6 Pagesincidence of non melanoma skin cancer and actinic keratosis (AK) has increased. The tumours are treated with the help of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and topical therapies to manage superficial carcinoma and actinic keratosis. This review briefs about skin physiology, non melanoma skin cancer, relationship between actinic keratosis(AK) and skin cancer, different drugs used in dermal preparations for management of actinic keratosis and novel approaches for targeting drugs to skin neoplasm and actini cRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Dry Skin Brushing1948 Words   |  8 Pagesheard of dry skin brushing, but it is something I ve been doing for most of my adult life and has become an important part of my daily routine. I know that dry skin brushing is a practice that is centuries old and is something that spas and salons offer as a cellulite treatment. (Of course, I don t have cellulite) As a detox exercise, skin brushing has been one of the most effective things I ve ever used to improve my health and well being. Skin brushing feels good. Not just for the skin, but forRead MoreCellulitis Essay886 Words   |  4 PagesDescription Main purpose of cellulitis treatment process is reduction of severity cellulitis infection, fast recovery, pain relieve, cure affected skin and prevention of recurrence - definition of treatment for cellulitis. In most cases healing process contains treatment with antibiotics drugs. Antibiotics are used orally or intravenous depending of severity of affected skin area. Period for using oral antibiotics (by mouth) is 10 to 14 days. In this period is crucial to take every single pillRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Melanoma982 Words   |  4 Pages(cancer) cells form in the skin cells called melanocytes (cells that give the skin color). It can also occur in the eye and is called intraocular or ocular melanoma; however it can happen anywhere on the body. It is the most dangerous of the common forms of skin cancer and oftens appears as a growing coloured skin spot, usually occuring in adults, but it is sometimes found in children and adolescents. The disease is more aggressive than ba sal cell skin cancer or squamous cell skin cancer. CAUSE: MelanomaRead MoreTreatment Options For Excoriation Disorder1232 Words   |  5 PagesTreatment Options for Excoriation Disorder Sarah Rebecca Carter Auburn University School of Nursing â€Æ' Treatment Options for Excoriation Disorder Excoriation disorder, also known as skin picking disorder, is characterized by the frequent scratching or picking of the skin. Picking most commonly occurs in areas of the body that the patient can reach, such as the arms, inner thighs, face, fingers, and upper back (Turner, Sutton, Sharma, 2014). The incessant skin picking can cause physical and/orRead MoreWhy Rosacea Affects Those Who Show Symptoms Of The Disease While Mentioning The Possible Treatments And Preventions1405 Words   |  6 Pagesshow symptoms of the disease while mentioning the possible treatments and preventions. It also discusses the reasons to why there has not been a cure to the disease and how it negatively affects a person’s daily life. Rosacea is a skin disease that is very common in people with fair skin and causes undesirable appearances. The disease can sometimes be confused with acne because of its similar appearances. However, rosacea has no cure and can only be dealt with through medication an d treatments to relive

In the constructivist classroom Essay Example For Students

In the constructivist classroom Essay Are you a constructivist? Or, are you a good questioner? Are theythe same or different? Since we have learned about and launched theemergent curriculum, we can understand about constructivism. However,even though we may have understood constructivism, it is not easy toapply it in teaching. Because younger children can learn many thingsquickly like a sponge absorbing water and their ability to think isdeveloping equally fast, EC educators need to inspire them to findquestions. Even if we do not give them questions, children can developtheir own questions. However, as an EC educator, I would like to be also agood questioner and would like to help them to think and create their ownideas because asking a question is a fundamental of education like in theSocratic teaching and questioning. Thus, I believe that constructivisteducators can bring a fresh approach to children and EC education, and arenaissance of EC education. First of all, according to the article, traditional educationbelieves that a teacher pours knowledge into passive students. Basically Ido not deny this traditional understanding, because sometimes we need tolearn certain things, such as traditional (performing) arts. However, inthe general education field, especially in EC education, I do not thinkthat a teacher can deal with all childrens questions and interests throughthis traditional education method. One of the qualities of constructivistsis being a good questioner. For example, in my previous placement, a boywas very interested in transportation. He knew about many different kindsof transportation. Therefore, I asked him to tell me a story of trains andto draw me pictures of his favourite transportation. He loved both theseactivities. I believe that I was a good questioner and could help himdeveloping his imagination and drawing skill through asking his favouritethings. Furthermore, in the constructivist classroom, students often canfind answers or methods with their friends while in contrast students in atraditional teaching class just listen to a teacher. In the latter theyremember an answer but in the former they remember an approach because theconstructivist does not need to remember the answer only ways to find ananswer. There is no right or wrong way in the childrens exploring and evenif they do not find an answer to a question, but they surly can findsomething new or different from each other. Collaboration is one of theessentials in constructivism because learning is not just individual butalso social. Each student may have a different idea and thus they can finda lot of ways to lead to solutions. In this process children can learn tobe cooperative and sociable and these skills will be very important for thechildrens future. There are some problems such as in the constructivist classroomeveryone needs to be active to learn. However, some students might be shyand do not like to speak in front of others. Since the constructivism isnot only for major group but also for everyone, a teacher needs to find howto help the quieter or alternative idea child to have a voice. Oftenminority opinions are ignored and these sorts of children will become morehesitant to speak out loud. From my personal experience, I recognize thatchildren would like a teacher to listen to them. Therefore, whenever I findchildren who do not feel comfortable with speaking in public, I try to bewith them and listen to them carefully. Also I try to get them used tospeaking in public little by little by asking and breaking down a question. In Socratic teaching, teachers give questions to a student, but they answerthem. A teacher is not an authority but a helper in the constructivismclassroom, however, a teacher should always be the model of a goodinquirer. .u250fbbf040ca5dd680c50b65a5ac5dc9 , .u250fbbf040ca5dd680c50b65a5ac5dc9 .postImageUrl , .u250fbbf040ca5dd680c50b65a5ac5dc9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u250fbbf040ca5dd680c50b65a5ac5dc9 , .u250fbbf040ca5dd680c50b65a5ac5dc9:hover , .u250fbbf040ca5dd680c50b65a5ac5dc9:visited , .u250fbbf040ca5dd680c50b65a5ac5dc9:active { border:0!important; } .u250fbbf040ca5dd680c50b65a5ac5dc9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u250fbbf040ca5dd680c50b65a5ac5dc9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u250fbbf040ca5dd680c50b65a5ac5dc9:active , .u250fbbf040ca5dd680c50b65a5ac5dc9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u250fbbf040ca5dd680c50b65a5ac5dc9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u250fbbf040ca5dd680c50b65a5ac5dc9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u250fbbf040ca5dd680c50b65a5ac5dc9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u250fbbf040ca5dd680c50b65a5ac5dc9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u250fbbf040ca5dd680c50b65a5ac5dc9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u250fbbf040ca5dd680c50b65a5ac5dc9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u250fbbf040ca5dd680c50b65a5ac5dc9 .u250fbbf040ca5dd680c50b65a5ac5dc9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u250fbbf040ca5dd680c50b65a5ac5dc9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Metamorphosis: Gregor Was An Unselfish Person EssayIn conclusion, basically I support the constructivism because ECeducators need to extend childrens possibilities as much as possible. Therefore, we should be good questioners to model this skill and throughquestioning and searching answers we can let children collaborate eachother in order to enhance social development. Also it is important we donot forget about minority voices. EC constructivist educators are notauthority figures but helpers for children. It might be not easy to be agood constructivist, but we are all in the process!

Islamabad the Capital City free essay sample

Many were the reasons for which Pakistan needed a new capital city. During the first stages of the life of the new State it was natural that Karachi should have been selected as the capital, since it was a large city and a convenient centre of sea and air transportation. This was not, however, a satisfactory solution from points of view of climate, tradition and the existing buildings, which were not adequate in number or to the standards required by a capital. The layout and structure of the existing port city did not allow it to take on the functions of a modern capital. On the other hand, the influx of refugees intensified the existing problems and created new ones. Fig. 1. Map of Pakistan The government of Pakistan decided to cope with the situation by creating a new capital and proceeded toward this end in a systematic manner. By decision of H. We will write a custom essay sample on Islamabad the Capital City or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page E. the President of Pakistan, Field Marshal Mohammed Ayub Khan, a special commission was established to study this problem having as its chairman Major General A. M. Yahya Khan, Chief of the General Staff. This committee had its first session in February 1959, under the chairmanship of General Yahya, and during this session nine subcommittees were set up. In February 1959 H. E. The President of Pakistan honoured Dr. C. A. Doxiadis by naming him advisor to the Special Commission for the Location of the Capital and in compliance with a request from the President and from the chairman of the commission, a report was issued by Dr. Doxiadis with reference to this problem, in an effort to incorporate the knowledge and the experience of the members of the committees as well as of that of each committee as a whole. The result of this report was that two areas were suggested for the new capital, one outside Karachi and the other to the north of Rawalpindi. Islamabad. Model of the area On the basis of reports and recommendations of the Commission for the Location of the Capital, H. E. President Mohammed Ayub Khan decided in favour of the site North of Rawalpindi, on the Potwar Plateau and made a public announcement to this effect in June 1959. On July the 2nd, 1959 Major General A. M. Yahya Khan requested Dr. Doxiadis to prepare and submit a report in order to facilitate the task of the commission in preparing the next stages of the work, especially regarding the setting up of a commission for building the new capital and setting up a programme of action. During late July and early August 1959, Dr. Doxiadis visited the site of the capital and, as a result, the report Impressions from the site The necessary data was issued. 1 In September 1959, the government of Pakistan decided to establish the Federal Capital Commission for the preparation of the master plan and programme of the new capital. Simultaneously, Doxiadis Associates were appointed as consultants to the Federal-Capital Commission. Fourteen sub-committees, later named committees, were appointed during the first session of the Federal-Capital Commission, who issued a number of reports in connection with the surveys of the existing conditions in the capital area. Following the decision of the government of Pakistan to entrust Doxiadis Associates with the design of the new capital of Pakistan, the first team of experts of the consultant arrived at Rawalpindi early in November 1959 and a methodical collection of data was started, in close collaboration with the Federal-Capital Commission and Pakistani experts. Another team of experts also started work in Athens under the leadership of Dr. C. A. Doxiadis on the study and classification of all collected and available data. A most important milestone in the history of the capital was the decision taken on February 24th, 1960 by H. E. the President and his Cabinet to give the New Capital of Pakistan the name of ISLAMABAD (the City of Islam). It can be considered that the New capital of Pakistan was born on this day. Several reports covering all facets of the problems related to the creation of the new Capital of islamabad were prepared by Doxiadis Associates. These reports referred to the size of the Capital, the cost of the project, the facilities needed, highways, transportation in general, and so on. On May 24th, 1960 the preliminary master Plan of islamabad and the planning principles that will make this capital a model for A City of the Future, were presented to the Cabinet and approved by H. E. the President of Pakistan. A special authority, the Capital Development Authority, which took over from the Federal-Capital Commission, was set up in Pakistan and charged with the overall development of the new capital. The greater area of the capital, the metropolitan area, has been planned for a future population of about 2,500,000 inhabitants within a period of two generations. Many factors influenced the decision regarding the location of Islamabad, such as transportation and communications, factors of national interest, defense, economic factors, civic factors, existing facilities, etc. After a careful study of these, the present area represented by the model on the front page was selected. The nearby existing city of Rawalpindi would offer Islamabad considerable aid in facilities and initial housing needs. The chief characteristic of the landscape is that it runs from north-east to south-west along valleys formed by a series of hills running in the same direction. The Murree Highway had to follow this direction through a valley formed by two hills: the Islamabad highway has been aligned vertically to the Murree Highway between the existing airport and Shakarparian hills. Two more highways, by-passing the existing town of Rawalpindi, have been proposed. On the basis of the above ideas, a system of four highways becomes the basic step for the metropolitan area. These axes form a big square, which will define all future transportation systems and all major functions within the metropolitan area. 2b. Formation of the Metropolitan Area The principal system of axes in the metropolitan area of islamabad defines three distinctive areas: a. the area of Islamabad proper. b. the area of Rawalpindi, the center of which is the city of Rawalpindi. c. the National Park area which will retain certain agricultural functions for several years and where sites must be provided for a national sports center, the national university, national research institute, etc. The areas of Islamabad proper and Rawalpindi are both open for expansion towards the south-west, while the National Park area is rather districted from the surrounding hills and Soan river to the south-east. Fig. 3. The main highways Fig. 4. The three parts of the metropolitan area 3 2c. Dynametropolis The cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi will develop as twin cities serving each other in complementary ways. Islamabad will be the capital of the nation and will serve mainly administrative and cultural functions. Rawalpindi will remain the regional center serving industrial and commercial functions. The master plan for both cities has the flexibility to allow for future expansions of the center. It has been designed on the basis of the ideal city of the future and to form a dyna-metropolis. Each is planned to develop dynamically towards the south-west, their center cores growing simultaneously and together with their residential and other functions. 2d. Islamabad The whole metropolitan area is sub-divided into sectors, called Communities Class V, each for about 20,000-40,000 people and each according to the income group it will serve. The sub-division of the metropolitan area into sectors resulted from the adoption of a pattern of principal roads placed 2,200 yards apart in both- directions. Fig. 6. Islamabad The sketch indicates growth of functions in the direction of the citys future expansion Fig. 5. The central functions of Islamabad and Rawalpindi This pattern forms a modulus in the town and maintains a unified scale for the whole metropolitan area. At the same time, it facilitates the road traffic as well as the organization of the various land-use zones into communities of the same order. The field pattern provides for an hierarchical distribution of roads, starting from the highways, which have 1,200 ft. rights-of-way. The secondary roads have 600 ft rights-ofway. The third category consists of roads 100-300 ft wide entering the sectors, and surrounding the residential communities. The last category of roads, those leading to individual houses and buildings, run into the residential communities. These access roads are either for vehicles or for pedestrians. There is full segregation of motorized and pedestrian traffic. Longitudinal sections of the roads follow the same classification. The highways are designed with the sole objective of serving high speed motor-traffic. In the other categories of roads, the landscape is more respected, and on roads for the pedestrian, there are even steps where the ground rises steeply. The human scale and that of the machine are kept clearly distinct, and the elements of road design strictly observe the requirements of this separation. The many zones of Islamabad serving various functions have been planned to allow for future expansion. The administrative sector is placed at the heart of Islamabad, from which it spreads first towards and then along the hills. 4 The civic center is developed in a strip running south-west, which is the main direction of the towns growth. The residential and the light-industrial zones follow the same trend. 2e. Rawalpindi The existing town of Rawalpindi was the major man-made obstacle in designing the new capital. After a thorough study of the possibilities regarding the relation of the new capital to the existing town of Rawalpindi, it was found advisable to place Islamabad at such a distance so as to: a. orm an independent settlement for purposes of allowing the design of a physical plan independent of the existing restrictions imposed by the plan of Rawalpindi town. b. provide the new capital with services and buildings already existing in Rawalpindi in order to save the maximum amount of costs. Rawalpindi has been the subject of a special study so as to permit the coordinated and balanced growth of the two towns in a balanced way. A master plan for Rawalpindi was prepared, and regulations about zoning and interim development control were proposed. For many years to come, the existing town of Rawalpindi will perform the duties of a mother caring for her child, until the child is grown and becomes self-sufficient. 2f. The National Park The third part of the metropolitan area is the National Park, situated so as to serve both Rawalpindi and Islamabad. The National Park has been designed to provide space for: a. educational and scientific institutes of national importance, such as national university, atomic energy center, research center, national health center, etc. b. ecreational facilities, both active and passive, such as sports centers, exhibition areas, zoo, botanical gardens, etc c. agricultural areas for cultivating vegetables and fruits required for the two cities. The National Park already has the Rawal lake which was created in 1961 following the construction of a dam to collect irrigation water and to supply water to Rawalpindi. In the future, running water, may be dammed to form more lakes. Fig. 7. Rawalpindi Fig. 8. The National Park 2g. Unity of Scale A principle adopted in designing the Islamabad- Master Plan 5 was unity of scale. This was considered absolutely necessary to achieve a cohesion between the various elements of the town. The city is not a conglomeration of isolated and unrelated spaces, but one entity of interrelated spaces. A scale measurement was determined to govern the elements composing the city, such as plots, streets, open spaces, squares, roads, etc. The selection of a system of axes or prevailing orientation is equally important for the achievement of unity of expression. Based on a study of the scale of the city made by the chief consultant, volume, heights, densities, and floor indices of the buildings were specified for each particular sector. This study led to concrete proposals for the public-buildings area, the layout plan of which was designed to harmonize with the buildings of the administrative sector opposite the public-buildings area. Fig. 9. Islamabad (model) Birds eyeview from N. E. ; the Capitol with the main administrative center, the sectors of public buildings and residential communities 2h. The Master Plan of the Metropolitan Area Each of the three parts defined by the alignment of the main axes of the metropolitan area is sub-divided into sectors.

Best Boots In The World Text Response Essays

Best Boots In The World Text Response Essays Best Boots In The World Text Response Essay Best Boots In The World Text Response Essay Is It worth knowing about uniqueness? What does Mikes mother teach us about consequences? Is It worth knowing about consequences? Not blame at Mike ? Mike trusts, respects, loves her. (Good) What does the youth teach us about consequences? Is it worth knowing about consequences? It is quite clear that you will write about one of the three characters in each of your central paragraphs. You need to think about what you will say before you write your contention. Once you have some ideas about your answers to the questions above and a clear answer (your decision about whether you agree, agreed or partly agree with the statement) you are ready to write an introduction. In your introduction give the name of the story (Best Boots in the World), (underlined or quotation marks) the writers full name and some Idea of what the story Is about (background). Come to the topic which Is consequences and then write your contention. (Answer It must contain all the key words of the question names of characters, worth knowing, consequences. About people Miming with their consequences us something worth knowing about consequences Do you agree? Exorbitant settable shoes bring the trouble. A short story, The Best Boots in the World was written by Brian Caldwell shows us 14 years old boy who has the same name as his favorite basketball player. His mother, Alice and his father have broken up since he was 10 years old. He likes basketball and wants to buy Nikkei basketball shoes. The youth is a person who encourages his mad by insulting him. Mike, Alice and the youth teach us knowledge values from their consequences. Remember TELL topic sentence, explanation, evidence, linking sentence Each of your central paragraphs would have a topic sentence which states what this paragraph will be about, some explanation of this Idea and evidence to support It and a final sentence that ties the idea back to your contention. 1st central paragraph Key Tanat sometimes consequences can De very serious, so much so Tanat ten memory of them can last a lifetime guilty memory. Mike is showing. It does not manner but that what he think. His boots Live like a scar He learns but consequence is bad because Mike learns something from making the choices which occur to bad consequences. The choices occur to bad consequences which give him experiences. Mike learns something from making the choices which occur to bad consequences. The experience what happened the choices- the consequences the effects of the consequence. Final sentence to explain whether this is worth knowing. Stressful consequences are his guilty memory which stuck with him for life. Mike argues his mother about buying sport shoes because his mother does not want him to spend a lot of money for that. He thinks that money he earns from his work is enough to buy the shoes. His mother gets mad on him therefore he says sorry to his mother. However he still pays lots of money for the shoes. After his bad situation with the youth, he thinks it is not necessary to buy because it does not make his skill better and it also brings bad situation to him. He decides to go home alone by the train without consideration first. This decision brings him to meet the youth. Mike chooses to keep the boots and fights with him instead of giving his boots and not pay attention to him because of extremely expensive cost of the shoes. The consequence is the youth dead. He feels very bad and thinks that it is his responsibility. Mike does learn the consequences of making choices, even they are bad consequences. 2nd central paragraph Mikes mother that the consequences can spread so that they affect others. falling apart effect to Mike badly (no father supports him, he is 14 but he kills someone) The experience what happened the choices the consequences the effects on her and others. She and her husband made If he is alive, he may have a chance Final sentence to explain whether this is worth knowing about consequences. Consequences of Lices determinations affect other people who are close to her. Alice breaks up with her husband when Mike is 10 years old. This decision is upset Mike and herself but it might be only one decision she can make. She allows Mike to watch basketball match after midnight because she knows that his son likes Michael who is his favorite basketball player. Mike loves her and he is very happy to be her son even his mother sprits with his father. After her husband leaves, she works 2 Jobs to keep up with paying the bills. She has enough money to buy the goods and other stuffs for her and her son. Lices consequences, mostly affect to her son and herself. 3rd central paragraph- The youth that the consequences can be fatal so that there is no going back. does not get a crack, chance but Just die. The experience what happened the choices the consequences the lesson for readers. His behavior belongs to his dead Play with violence Final sentence that explains whether this is worth knowing about consequences. The youths behavior belongs to his consequences which no chance resolves it. When he waits for the train, he smokes and stands like a bad person. His gesture ekes toner people scared AT ml. He Is ten one won starts Insulting Mike tout Nils boots. He knows Mike is angry, but he still keeps saying because he also really wants Nikkei basketball shoes. This makes Mike cannot control his mad and fight with him. The youth is dead because he falls down from the train. Actually, he does not deserve to die. He probably can improve himself. His behavior tends to push off other people. A conclusion will be needed to sum up you answer to the question. Do not repeat anything in your introduction. Each character has own consequences which vive us worth knowing. They learn which decisions occur to bad consequences and who is affected by them. They also teach us with their accidents. Therefore, we should not do the same things that they do. We might try to get rid of those situations. Assessment Criteria 5 4 3 2 Argument relevance and strength (how strong are you argument) Structure introduction, central paragraphs (topic sentence, development, final sentence), conclusion (do you understand the story) Knowledge of Text support of opinion with text Writing grammar, sentencing, spelling

Chapter 4 Study Guide Essays - United States, Free Essays

Chapter 4 Study Guide Essays - United States, Free Essays Chapter 4 Study Guide John Marshall Alien and Sedition Acts Louisiana Territory George Washington's Farewell Address - what things did he warn against? Federalist party views on the issues (Hamilton) Democratic-Republican party views on the issues (Jefferson) Views of people (for/against) War of 1812 Amendments in the Bill of Rights Ft. McHenry Francis Scott Key Marbury v. Madison XYZ Affair Whiskey Rebellion and excise taxes Bank of the United States (the debate over it) Battle of Tippecanoe Embargo Act of 1807 Presidential election of 1800 and its importance George Washington's cabinet Impressment Pinckney's Treaty Judicial Review War Hawks Jam es Madison and the Constitution and as President Election of 1796 Aaron Burr Possible essay questions: Lewis and Clark War of 1812 Views of Hamilton and Jefferson Chapter 4 Study Guide John Marshall Alien and Sedition Acts Louisiana Territory George Washington's Farewell Address - what things did he warn against? Federalist party views on the issues (Hamilton) Democratic-Republican party views on the issues (Jefferson) Views of people (for/against) War of 1812 Amendments in the Bill of Rights Ft. McHenry Francis Scott Key Marbury v. Madison XYZ Affair Whiskey Rebellion and excise taxes Bank of the United States (the debate over it) Battle of Tippecanoe Embargo Act of 1807 Presidential election of 1800 and its importance George Washington's cabinet Impressment Pinckney's Treaty Judicial Review War Hawks Jam es Madison and the Constitution and as President Election of 1796 Aaron Burr Possible essay questions: Lewis and Clark War of 1812 Views of Hamilton and Jefferson

Speech - Speaker's Effectiveness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Speech - Speaker's Effectiveness - Essay Example the ‘screwed up one’ while his brother keeps being the ‘dependable one’, however, the tone of the speaker shifts to the mood of resentment and this marks the major faux pas. During the speech, one may observe that every guest and family member including the bride agrees to the speaker at the stage prior to his loss of composure. Due to a drunk state of unregulated nature at that moment, the man is unable to provide reasonable transition and justice to the rest of the details which necessarily convey his embittered feelings toward Harold who, according to him, occurs to have constantly found favor in their father’s disposition as the best man quotes the latter â€Å"Why can’t you be more like your brother? Harold will never beat up his landlord.† Then he ruins the ceremony entirely by confessing that Harold is not perfect and that they shared a time in Puerto Rico when the two hooked up with prostitutes. Apparently, the best man-speaker appears to bear the capacity of pleasing the audience despite his inebriated condition. Only, he could have kept the approval of the watchers if he knows how to manage himself and gain a sense of self-control. He could have attempted to meditate first on his part in the toast and think fruitfully with all the positive thoughts, considering that Harold has granted him such a great privilege. If he becomes capable of internalizing his significance before the event, he would certainly deliver a speech that reflects sincere gratitude for the chance of obtaining an honorable position in the wedding as well as a pitch and manner that indicates he has forgiven all their issues in the past. Moreover, the speaker could have communicated his intentions effectively by maintaining a degree of subtlety, using figurative rather than literal words on a delicate narrative regarding his family in order to avoid causing shame to the principal character of the wedding. With contemplative regard to the present instead of the distasteful

Reversing Heart Disease by Dr. Dean Ornish Article

Reversing Heart Disease by Dr. Dean Ornish - Article Example Low calories slow metabolic rates which makes it difficult to lose weight. In Reversal diet, fewer calorie consumption increases instead of decreasing metabolic rates. Thus, consuming lot of fat gives us a quintuple whammy (Ornish, 250). Reversal diet allows egg white which has high protein. Other than this, protein consumption remains low since animal products are not allowed (Ornish, 247,252). Blood cholesterol comes from animal products like meats, poultry, fish and dairy. Moreover, saturated fat found in animal products is also converted into cholesterol by the liver (Ornish, 254). Dr. Stamler and his colleagues have found out that people with cholesterol levels higher than 180 have increased the risk of heart disease. He has concluded that range of safe cholesterol levels is very small (Ornish, 255). An average person consumes 40 to 50 percent of their calories as fat. The ideal amount that should be consumed is less than 10 percent of calories as fat (Ornish, 246). Saturated fat increases our blood cholesterol level unlike polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat (Ornish, 256). Hydrogenation is the manner by which fat is made more saturated. Therefore, there is more saturated fat in moderately hydrogenated oil (Ornish, 257). Epidemiological research tells us high cholesterol and saturated fat increase blood cholesterol level leading to higher risk of coronary heart disease (Ornish, 258). HDL is considered as â€Å"good cholesterol† while LDL as â€Å"bad cholesterol†. People practicing American diet have the same risk of coronary heart disease.

Hw6 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hw6 - Article Example Most of my friends being white Americans themselves, they might probably say no, but none of them have done the research. Nevertheless, I would digress on their view about this hypotheses. My independent variables are yearsexp, honors, college, computerskills, volunteer, specialskills, military, workinschool, email and offjobs. I think it is true that job applicants with English American names have a higher chances of attaining employment that applicants with African-American names. I believe that employment discrimination in the job market is real and a serious growing social problem in the society. This is true despite all candidates having valid qualifications both in academic achievement and their working experience. White American employers would prefer working with persons who are from a white race origin. The evaluation in job performance between different applicants can be analyzed in reference to the independent values stipulated for the project. An African American may have the honor in higher learning institution, have five or more years of experience, and be excellent in computer skills, participated in volunteering activities. They may have a military experience and yet face employment discrimination in the job market. Even though he/she has done off-jobs, worked while in school or have special skills, he/she may still face a challenge in fighting off employment discrimination. There is a negative relationship between White American job applicants and Black American Job applicants. Employment discrimination favors White applicants. I think I would recommend the use of initials on the names when writing a curriculum vitae as a control variable. Apparently, employers look at the names of job applicants and form their basis for job discrimination. Applying for jobs with the English and African American names reduces the chances for a person to be provided a chance for an interview for an advertised job

Structures And Functions Of Cells In Nervous System Biology Essay

Structures And Functions Of Cells In Nervous System Biology Essay Neurons are the nerve cells; they contain a cell body, an axon, and dendrites. The cell body is the part that contains the nucleus and cytoplasm. The axon is a piece that extends from the cell body; its job is to send impulses away from the cell body. Most are covered with myelin sheath. This sheath helps protect the axon and speeds the impulse. The dendrites branch off from the cell body also, their job is to send impulses to the cell body. Neuralgia is a connective tissue that supports the neurons. Their job is to protect the nervous system. Astrocytes look like star-shaped cells; they are the biggest of the neuroglial cells in the central nervous system. Astrocytes surround the brains blood capillaries to form blood-brain barriers which protect the brain from harmful substances. Microglia are smaller cells that eat cellular debris, waste, and pathogens in nerve tissue. Oligodendrocytes are in the interstitial nervous system, smaller than astrocytes. They wrap around axons to form myelin sheaths. As stated above, the sheaths protect the axons and speed the nerve impulses. Describe the structures and functions of the  peripheral nervous system (PNS). Be sure to include the nerves associated with the PNS, and contrast the functions of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves, which transmit impulses from the brain to other parts of the body; and ganglion, which are masses of nerve cell bodies that connect structures. There are two main groups of nerves: the afferent nerves and the efferent nerves. The afferent nerves send information from the body to the brain. The efferent nerves send information from the brain to the muscles. The system is then broken into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The somatic nervous system regulates the voluntary controlled parts of the skeletal muscles, while the autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary controlled parts like smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, the glands, and secretions. The autonomic nervous system is also broken into two parts: the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division responds when the body is in danger, increases heart rate, blood pressure, etc. The parasympathetic division is when the body is relaxed and resting. It is responsible for things like constriction of pupil, slowing of heart, and digestive systems. Name the two primary components of the  central nervous system (CNS).   Describe the protective membranes associated with the CNS. Differentiate between afferent and efferent nerve structure and function. The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord. The brain is protected by the skull and the spinal cord is, obviously, protected by the vertebrae. They are also surrounded by meninges and by cerebrospinal fluid. The meninges are three protective layers of tissue. The outermost layer is the dura mater, the middle is the arachnoid membrane, and then the pia mater is the innermost layer. The cerebrospinal fluid flows all around the brain and spinal cord. It provides nutrients to the central nervous system. The spinal cord consists of afferent and efferent nerves. The afferent nerves send information from the body to the brain. The efferent nerves send information from the brain to the muscles. Name and give a brief description of the structures of the brain. Include the functions of these structures. The four major divisions of the brain are the cerebrum, the cerebellum, the diencephalon, and the brain stem. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It is the whole top portion of the brain; it controls the memory, sensations, and voluntary movements. The cerebellum is attached to the brain stem and its main function is to coordinate body movements and balance. The diencephalon is in between the cerebrum and the midbrain. It consists of the thalamus, which is in charge of the sensory stimuli; the hypothalamus, which is in charge of sensory functions (i.e.: sleep, appetite, etc.); and the pineal body, which is in charge of regulating the bodys biological clock. The brain stem is between the spinal cord and the diencephalon and consists of the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the upper part of the midbrain. The brain stem is the path for impulses between the brain and the body. Choose 10 pathological conditions affecting the nervous system; describe each including diagnosis and treatment, if applicable. Alzheimers disease is a progressively fatal disease. It destroys brain cells and causes memory loss. Gradually over time the person will no longer be able to write or perform tasks, and then it gets to the point that the person cannot even control bodily functions such as bowel and bladder movements. There is not really a diagnostic test yet that has identified Alzheimers. There is no cure for AD, but the use of tacrine hydrochloride is used in mild cases to improve memory. Bells palsy is generally a temporary paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face following trauma. Diagnosis is simply the inability to close eye or drooling because of no control of facial muscle on one side of the face after a trauma has occurred. There is really no treatment needed, however, facial massage, heat, prednisone for swelling, or analgesia for pain all help. Anencephaly is when there is no brain or spinal cord at birth. The only diagnosis is through an amniocentesis during pregnancy, and there is nothing they can do. Carpal tunnel syndrome is pressure on the median nerve caused by swelling of the tendons. Doctors diagnose carpal tunnel based on the symptoms of tingling in the fingers or palms of hands, pain in the wrists, or weakness in hands. Treatment uses splints, anti-inflammatory drugs, and sometimes surgery. Cerebral contusion occurs when the brain hits the inner skull and causes a bruise of the brain, happens most often in car accidents. If doctors suspect a cerebral contusion they can have an MRI or CT scan run. Treatment consists of close observation, if there is a lot of intracranial pressure then surgery may be needed. Huntingtons chorea is an inherited, degenerative disorder. The characteristics are spontaneous involuntary motor movements, speech problems, and restlessness. Since the disease is inherited, genetic testing could be done to diagnose the disease even before it begins. There is unfortunately no cure for this disease. There are many support groups for families affected by the disease. Narcolepsy is a sleeping disorder where the person can fall asleep randomly for minutes or even hours at a time. A polysomnogram can be performed to evaluate the persons sleep patterns. There is no cure, but medications are used to control the symptoms. Shingles (herpes zoster) is a viral infection that causes a rash on the body; occurs mostly in adults over 50. Flu-like symptoms, GI disturbances, tiredness, and rash are all symptoms that help to diagnose the disease. Treatments are used to help ease pain and get you better faster (analgesics or antiviral medications). Paraplegia is caused when there is severe injury to the spinal cord, results in paralysis of the lower half of the body. There is no treatment for paraplegia. However I did see online that there are many support groups for anyone who knows or falls victim to paraplegia. Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. MS destructs the myelin surrounding nerves of the CNS. There are many symptoms that indicate someone could have MS: Unsteady balance, numbness of multiple extremities, facial numbness, and even impotence in males. When a doctor suspects MS an MRI may be performed, complete blood count, and spinal fluid evaluation. As with many of the diseases of the nervous system, there is no cure for MS. There are some medications that have helped prolong remissions, and as always there are support systems to help the family and persons affected by the disease.

Determining Hate Crimes Essay -- essays research papers

Exposition: Determining Hate Crimes?Hate based on race, religion and sexual orientation exist within any cultural rich societies. When this type of hate fuels a person into taking violent actions upon those they hate, it is called a hate crime; a topic which the American public is seriously concerned about. It has been a widely discussed subject on the media, and often debates of whether or not a crime should be attributed with hate are the center for discussion.Does hate crime imply on any case when a person is convicted for inflicting damage on someone "different"? It is often difficult to set a benchmark for measuring sufficiency of hate as a cause to label it in front of crime. The term can be conveniently stretched and squeezed by people with different ideas and biases. The four white policemen who brutally beat Rodney King Jr., a black man, half to death for merely speeding is determined by the court ¡Ã‚ ¦s judgment, as officers performing their duty. Hate, to those particular jurors and judge, was not a valid concern. To them, the beating was not due to the officers ¡Ã‚ ¦ resentment for a black man, but because they were simply disciplining an offender of the law. To the minority groups, the court ¡Ã‚ ¦s ruling was outrageous. From their point of view, the savage beating was unnecessary and hate was obviously the factor which induce the four cops to perform such a nasty feat. Because people have varying views and opinions, application of the term "hate crime&qu...

Achievements of Alfred Hitchcock Essay

Alfred Hitchcock, born in 1899 in England, remains a prominent figure in the world of cinema. Hitchcock’s passion for film began in his childhood with his first job as writer of the title cards for silent films and, later on, becoming a director. Influenced by his Catholic upbringing, Hitchcock developed a sense of guilt and sin throughout his life with which he portrays in his work (Kehoe N. P. ). As the leading director in the 1930’s, Hitchcock set the standard for international intrigue with his classic thrillers. His mastery of suspense and his unprecedented technique still makes him one of the most popular and celebrated film directors of all time (Flint N. P. ). Alfred Hitchcock has numerous accomplishments; the most noteworthy being his films Vertigo (1958), Psycho (1960), and The Birds (1963). Alfred Hitchcock’s Vertigo (1958) raises performance to such a personal level that it addresses the nature of human personality itself (Sterritt 113). The protagonist in the film is John â€Å"Scottie† Ferguson, a former police detective, who has been forced into early retirement due to vertigo and depression. Scottie is then hired as a private investigator to follow a woman, Madeleine Elster, who had been behaving peculiarly. Vertigo is a film that operates on emotions and negative feelings. Hitchcock’s use of â€Å"fade to black† illustrates his tendency to emphasize the film’s most emotionally meaningful moments with a touch of theatricality. This technique intensifies the otherworldliness that becomes Vertigo’s most significant quality (Sterritt 92). Vertigo has a clear association with insanity; Michel Foucault, a French social theorist, states that it â€Å"affords the delirious affirmation that the world is really ‘turning around,’† such delirium being â€Å"a necessary and sufficient reason for a disease to be called madness† (Sterritt 98). The repeated shot of Scottie’s troubled gaze into an abyss below solidifies the ingenuity and peculiarity of Vertigo (Sterritt 82). This shot provides a visual approximation of the psychological condition- extreme dizziness and disorientation- that is affecting Scottie. Hitchcock enhances the approach on point of view by providing information to the audience â€Å"through Scottie’s eyes† (Sterritt 83). Vertigo’s conclusion is unusual for its time because of its depiction of a neurotic hero, not a common feature in mainstream cinema (Sterritt 92). Alfred Hitchcock reached his artistic peak with his filming of Psycho (1960), which set a new level of acceptability for violence, deviant behavior and sexuality in American films (Flint N. P. ). The protagonist Marion Crane ends up at a secluded motel after embezzling money from her boss. She finds herself faced with the motel’s disturbed owner, Norman Bates. Hitchcock described the beginning of Psycho as a way of distracting the audience’s attention â€Å"in order to heighten the murder† (Baer N. P. ). One of the main themes in Psycho is voyeurism or the practice of spying on people engaged in intimate behaviors. Many critics feel that the film not only maintains a general sense of voyeurism, but a specific indictment of voyeurism with the audience- what Hitchcock called â€Å"Peeping Tom audiences. † Psycho manipulates the audience in supporting a thief, Marion Crane, which allows the viewers to become personally involved in the character’s guilt. Joseph Stefano, a writer for Hollywood films, states â€Å"In a more general sense, I think a fundamental essence of watching films is voyeuristic because we intrude so deeply into the characters’ lives—while sitting in the dark. It’s not necessarily sexual, although it can be, but its power to involve us with the characters is incredible† (Baer N. P. ). Alfred Hitchcock introduces a new narrative dimension in Psycho by including his personal appearance in the film; He faces away from the camera indicating his control over the film and keeping with theme of voyeurism (Sterritt 103). Hitchcock viewed his actors’ performance as the very essence of human identity; Psycho’s character Norman’s performance being the most profound of all of Hitchcock’s performances. Norman gives himself up to his character by assuming her voice, her appearance, her movements, and her thoughts. Hitchcock uniquely displays Norman’s performances with his use of window/curtain imagery. The windows and curtains indicate that the viewers are a â€Å"private audience† (Sterritt 113). By distancing the audience from the characters, Hitchcock achieves both an alienation affect and a sense of intimacy between the character and the audience (Sterritt 114). Alfred Hitchcock’s The Birds (1963) is the most radical of all his films because of its refusal to return the audience to normality (Sterritt 121). When asked what the film was about, Hitchcock replied â€Å"people’s ‘lack of concern about the fact that nature can turn on them’† (Abrash 153). The Birds takes place in Bodega Bay, California, which suddenly undergoes a series of widespread and violent bird attacks. The Birds is a follow-up to Psycho with Hitchcock attempting to go further beyond the boundaries of rationality. Not only does the film display the irrational, but it also becomes the irrational by prohibiting natural causes to bring real and fantastic elements together. With the filming of The Birds, Hitchcock violates the rules of classical cinematic storytelling in order to actualize the fears that lurk in everyone’s unconsciousness (Sterritt 121). With the lack of a conventional ending, The Birds represents Hitchcock’s ultimate gesture of despair over the power of the characters. The protagonists remain in danger, the antagonists gain even more power, and the emotional relationships of the characters are only partially resolved. The resulting visual allows the characters to work towards a better world (Sterritt 124). The film critic Robin Wood’s interpretation of The Birds was â€Å"a concrete embodiment of the arbitrary and the unpredictable [†¦] a reminder of fragility and instability that cannot be ignored or evaded and, beyond that, of the possibility that life is meaningless and absurd† (Abrash 154). In carefully balancing the ordinary and the bizarre, Alfred Hitchcock was the most noted juggler of emotions in film history. The majority of his films were meticulous creations of nightmares consisting of peril and pursuit relieved by unexpected comic ironies and absurdities. Hitchcock’s style of always stressing imagery over dialogue gave him a distinct reputation. All of these achievements allowed Alfred Hitchcock to be the recipient of the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 1967. When asked what his approach was on filmmaking, Hitchcock responded with â€Å"some films are slices of life, mine are slices of cake† (Flint N. P. ).

What You Mean To Me Essays - Music, American Music, Free Essays

What You Mean To Me Essays - Music, American Music, Free Essays What You Mean To Me WHAT YOU MEAN/MEANT TO ME WHEN I SEE YOU WALK BY, WHEN YOU DON'T STOP TO SAY HI, ALL I CAN DO IS SIT BACK AND SY, FOR I CAN'T FORGET THAT TIME, THAT TIME WHEN YOU MADE ME CRY, THAT TIME WHEN YOU LEFT AND SAID BYE BYE, WHAT ABOUT OUR LIVES, WHAT ABOUT THE PAIN I HAVE INSIDE, BABY I'M SORRY FOR ALL MY LIES, BABY YOU LIGHT MY SKY, YOUR AS SWEET AS A BUTTERFLY, AND WITHOUT YOU I WOULD JUST DIE..

The Mechanism Behind a Questionnaire Design Essays

The Mechanism Behind a Questionnaire Design Essays The Mechanism Behind a Questionnaire Design Essay The Mechanism Behind a Questionnaire Design Essay The mechanism behind questionnaire design The questionnaire has been designed to determine if a satisfactory level of customer service is being achieved within the Devonshire spa hair salon booking and reception areas. Using a combination of quantitative and qualitative questioning techniques the questionnaire hopes to gain varied feedback from the clientele as Sherman and Webb (1988) as cited in Blaxter et al (2001, p. 64) state; â€Å"Qualitative implies a direct concern with experience as it is ‘lived’ or ‘felt’ or ‘undergone’. In contrast, ‘quantitative’ research, often taken to be the opposite idea, is indirect and abstracts and treats experiences as similar, adding or multiplying them together, or ‘quantifying’ them. ) Quantitative questions, also known as closed questions, 1, 2, 4-12, and 14 are in the format of tick box or multiple choice questions and are included to gain numerical and precise data required as Walsh (2001, p. 7) suggests â€Å"A quantitative study seeks numerical data† Walsh (2001) goes on to say that when the data has been collected statistical techniques are used to gain patterns. This suggests that it is in the quantitative questions in the questionnaire that this numerical data will be found. Qualitative questions also known as open questions 3-6, 13 and 14 are in the style of a written answer and are included to extract more information from the clientele as Holliday (2007) remarks that qualitative questions do not conjure the same type of precision required by quantitative research as it is intent on expanding rather than controlling the answer given. The importance of piloting a questionnaire is great as according to Davies (2007) piloting is crucial because you yourself may not notice something that has more than one possible meaning. During the pilot stage of the questionnaire legible errors were pointed out, also the lack of qualitative questions was highlighted. Using this new information the questionnaire was amended accordingly as agreeing with Davies (2007), Hucker (2001, P. 105) suggests â€Å"When you have been working closely on something it is often difficult to see the errors, mistakes or the confusion you have created. Quantitative data taken from the questionnaire will be presented in a bar chart format taken from the findings produced in the tally chart made as Denscombe (2007) implies that bar charts are an effective way of presenting reoccurring data, and they are often used in small scale research, however, Yang (2007) disagrees and suggests that it is an unnecessary action to compile a bar chart out of few pie ces of information. Qualitative data taken from the questionnaire will be presented as a written discussion as Walsh (2001, p. 0) says â€Å"Qualitative data isn’t so straightforward, and requires a more word based style of presentation† This suggests that more quotations may be used also looking at similarities and differences may be beneficial as to gain a form of qualitative data from qualitative questions as Walsh (2001) goes on to say that when identifying patterns, you need to describe them and converting qualitative data into quantitative data may produce further details to discuss.

Low Voltage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Low Voltage - Essay Example As the meter displays voltage in the Root Mean Square form, otherwise known as RMS, the eventual result must be multiplied by √2 to give peak value (Vpeak = Vrms X √2). The mulitmeter can then be set to DC voltage so that the voltage can be calculated at points A, B, C, and E in relation to point D. In this report, these results will be displayed and discussed in the results section. The voltage recorded at A (Vad) can be put up against the calculated peak value of (Vxy peak). In perfect circumstances, these results should end up being the same, except point A was reduced due to a drop in the voltage current across the rectifier diodes. The voltages in the terminals of the transistors and across the 1â„ ¦ resistor (this is the voltage between A & C, Vac) are then measured. The results of this were then taken down and will be shown in the results section further down. The mains power is then switched off and the "Collector Link" was disconnected. Also, the multimeter was set to a DC current measurement. After performing this, the power can then be turned back on and the transistors collector current (Ic) is measured. This is only possible through connecting the multimeter between the two exposed pins that make up the Collector Link. The power is then turned off one more time and the Collector Link can be reconnected; however, the Base Link is still connected this time. After this, the power can be turned on once again on and the transistors base current (Ib) can be measured. This is done through connecting the multimeter between two exposed pins that make up the Base Link. At this point in time, these values are taken down and the Base Link connection can finally be restored. In this setup, the currents for the emitter and transistors collector are virtually the same. The results section shows that the power supply load current is exactly the same as the current used for the transistor

Strategic HRD and HRM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Strategic HRD and HRM - Assignment Example Each cupboard is unique and requires flexibility and an attention to detail within the manufacturing process to suit client's customization needs. Company delivers bespoke fume-cupboards to customers' gate but does not get involved in its installation. The Company consists of 220 personnel, 175 of them work on manufacturing process-the core process. Balance of 45 personnel work in the sales department, design department and the support function. Support functions include payroll, accounts, HRM, and administration. HRD problem as identified in company structure appears to be the fact that HRM function is small and inadequately staffed within the company. Further evidence in the case reveals that this function is not able to achieve its objectives to a very large extent. Similarly sales and design departments appear to be under Staffed.The Company has core operations in the manufacturing process in which 80% of employees are deployed. It comprises of several functional sections like th e sheet metal cutting and folding for the cupboards, protective coating application, initial assembly, plumbing, and electrical sections. The first HRD/Organizational problem identified in core operations appears to be loose span of supervisory control over laborers. Assuming 4 supervisors per functional section, we have about 20 supervisors in 5 sections and 155 laborers under such supervisors. Each supervisor on an average has about 8 laborers under him. Second problem relates to very high labor turnover on manufacturing shop floor. This disturbs the supervisor span of control further which is already high at 8 laborers and possibly obstructs the product customization process leading to defectives and quality deficiencies. Moreover quality control function at the company is very weak too. Orders schedules are not adhered to and orders are not built as per customer specifications. In fact that there is no separate quality function in the factory, and there is a general apathy about the quality of the product produced. Apathy is also evident in the untidy workplaces. The production process does not seem to be efficient and has not been reviewed for several years. The only quality checking that is done is the check of the final product against the original specification, and the standard of skills available within the company do not match the high level of product specification required to ensure custom quality. As a result orders are sent to customers despite errors of the manufacturing process that have been logged on final inspection, in order to meet delivery dates. This involves the company in having to rectify problems once the cupboard has been either delivered or installed, and attracts additional unnecessary costs that are borne by the FumeGo.Design function, within the core manufacturing operations, is understaffed and has weak organizational linkages resulting in poor intra organizational communications. The designers do not liaise at all with manufa cturing for ensuring adherence to product design. The design section is finicky about costly perfect solutions rather than value engineering. They often add some otherwise redundant aesthetic

Court Terms Law Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Court Terms Law Assignment - Research Paper Example The party presenting the offer to the offeree can realize that the offeree did not have the intention of signing the contract, by verifying the consent of the offeree before allowing him or her to sign the form. At the same time, the offeror can test the offeree’s knowledge of the contents of the terms and conditions, by asking sample questions from the terms. The third way to test the offeree is by explaining the consequences of signing, and the implication of signing without consent. The seriousness of the terms will enable the offeree to be serious and eliminate all jokes when it comes to signing the consent. If the offeree insists on signing, the offeror provides enough time to the offeree to go through the clauses of the agreement before finally signing. The offeror can select the most critical clauses and expose them as matters of priority to the offeree before allowing him or her to sign. All actions must be before signing because after then, the signed terms are valid for critical transactions. In this case, the offeree will have no option other than to read the entire terms and conditions.Exercise 3: ConsiderationAgreement fails to get consideration if there is lack of consideration. At the same time, if there is an additional term that was not present from the onset, the rule of acceptance does not agree with the agreement in a case where A enforces a promise by making offers to B and B does not agree to the terms and conditions of the agreements.... All actions must be before signing because after then, the signed terms are valid for critical transactions. In this case, the offeree will have no option other than to read the entire terms and conditions. Exercise 3: Consideration Agreement fails to get consideration if there is lack of consideration. At the same time, if there is an additional term that was not present from the onset, the rule of acceptance does not agree with the agreement in a case where A enforces a promise by making offers to B and B does not agree to the terms and conditions of the agreements. In this case, A promises to present the terms and conditions for amendment, and B confirms that he or she has read the terms and understood them before signing the agreement. It lacks consideration because there is no consent of the offeree. Exercise 4: Agreement The agreement that A and B entered into could certainly not be enforced, since it lacked consideration. This is because it lacked acceptance due to unclear ter ms and conditions. Nevertheless, according to the theory of consent, offeror A would succeed in enforcing the agreement after B has read and signed the consent. This theory requires the offeree B to prove the following: That he or she has read every section of the terms and conditions of the agreement That he or she is serious and is in his or her right conscious That he or she has understood the terms and conditions of the agreement That he or she is interested in the contract and has willingly accepted the terms and conditions. Exercise 5: Reality of Consent and Fraud Perpetration Parties to a binding contract can perpetrate frauds and forgeries through impersonation or use of false unwarranted

EVOS Office Essay Example for Free

EVOS Office Essay The Exxon Valdez oil spill in 1989 is considered as the worst environmental challenge that the state of Alaska has faced over the years. The incident led to the spillage of around eleven million gallons of oil from the Exxon Valdez tanker which immediately affected the immediate environment which resulted to the ecological imbalance within the water system affecting marine life and the loss of thousands of sea birds that dwell in the area. (â€Å"Crude Awakening,† 2008) Since the incident, Exxon Mobil has tried to resolve the problems and the impending threats and risks that come with the spread of oil within the water system by transforming the mission of the company as it inches forward to alleviate the effects of the oil spill. The mission of Exxon Mobil is to keep up with the growing demand for energy all over the world by providing and facilitating the abundance of oil and gas resources under the dimensions of financial stability, the adaptation of technological innovations, and efficiency and superiority in presenting the goods and services of the company. (Exxon Mobil, 2008a) To strengthen the position of the company in terms of social responsibility, it upholds the highest standards of ethical conduct by implementing principles that meet the conditions of ethics and morality. The guiding principles that Exxon Mobil observes are defined for both the internal and external members of the organization. Exxon Mobil acknowledges the role of stakeholders in the success of the company by working on improving products and services to ensure the return of investment and financial stability. For the company’s consumers, Exxon Mobil undertakes the responsibility of satisfying them, despite diversity or varied preferences. Aside from the company’s consumers, Exxon Mobil also follows guiding principles in handling employees. The company strives to sustain a highly competitive pool of staff, personnel, or employees by hiring, recruiting, and looking after the needs and demands of able individuals who meets the mission, goals, and objectives of the company. To enhance corporate social responsibility, Exxon Mobil observes practices that are geared towards satisfying the expectations of communities. Exxon Mobil assures society of their will to become a valuable asset of the community by adhering to and respecting laws, whether domestically or internationally, and consider the multicultural diversity at all times. (Exxon Mobil, 2008b) Due to the Exxon Valdez oil spill, the company has worked towards transforming the mission statement of Exxon Mobil by incorporating other goals or objectives to address the problems brought about by the incident. Apparently, the company established the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council following the incident that damaged the ecological environment in Alaska. The mission statement of the council constitutes the determination of the company to re-establish the natural environmental conditions of the immediate location of the situation under the dimensions of the desirable quality of life based on set standards of living. (â€Å"Restoring the Resources,† 2004) Exxon Mobil’s focus included the mission of addressing environmental concerns that will lead to the restoration of the ecosystem in Alaska. The company exerts time, effort, and resources in conducting research, establishing plans for restoration, monitoring the progress or changes in the environment, providing reimbursements as payments for damages and other costs caused by the oil spill, working on the establishment of means of protecting the habitat or ecosystem in the area, and such. (NOAA, 2008) Overall, the oil spill in 1989 caused Exxon Mobil to become aware of the effects and influences of the incident to the environment. Since then, it has included in its mission not only the restoration of natural environmental conditions in Alaska, but the continued protection of environmental systems not only in the area but all over the world as well. References â€Å"Crude Awakening. † (2008). Retrieved November 23, 2008, from The International Bird Rescue Research Center. Website: http://www. ibrrc. org/Exxon_Valdez_spill_1989. html Exxon Mobil. (2008a). What We Do. Retrieved November 23, 2008, from Exxon Mobil. Website: http://www. exxonmobil. com/Corporate/about_what. aspx Exxon Mobil. (2008b). Guiding Principles. Retrieved November 23, 2008, from Exxon Mobile. Website: http://www. exxonmobil. com/corporate/about_operations_sbc_principles. aspx NOAA. (2008). About NOAA Fisheries’ EVOS Office. Retrieved November 23, 2008, from The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Marine Fisheries Service. Website: http://www. fakr. noaa. gov/oil/ â€Å"Restoring the Resources. † (2004). Retrieved November 23, 2008, from Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council. Website: http://www. evostc. state. ak. us/Universal/Documents/Publications/AnnualStatus/2004AnnualReport. pdf